Introduction: Molecular science has an important role in the conservation and stability of animal species. Biology conservasion is essential to identify populations decline to implement adequate restoration programs. Despite molecular developments, there are many studies in this field to better understanding molecular merkers. Objective: In this study, the genetic markers were examined that were used in more than 100 Persian and English articles. Materials and Methods: Sources were selected from studies in the field of conservation biology, biology, molecular ecology, molecular markers and other related topics to provide a clearer model of each marker usage in the field of conservation biology. Results: In general, each molecular marker is not limited to one case, but there is a clear relationship between the characteristics of each marker and the maximum usage in many cases. Discussion: However, selecting the adequate marker in a wildlife conservation study the following steps are suggested: 1) study the species 2) Check the problems scale 3) Characteristics of molecular markers. Also, considering the mutation rate and the variability degree among nuclear and mitochondrial markers has a role in selecting of adequate marker. But in order to obtain accurate genetic and ecological information in conservation biology, the principles of population genetics and molecular evolution require more comprehensive education, By comparing molecular results with other sciences and quality control of the sequenced gene, more reliable results were obtained in the field of genetics and conservation.

The program GENALAND has been developed in recent years as a statistical program for genetic structure analysis. Integrating genetic data obtained from dominant and co-dominant markers with spacial data and without pre-defining the population boundaries can obtain number of homogeneous groups and a map of spacial distribution. Such information about population genetic structure can be used for conservation and management of species. In the current study genotypic data produced by nine microsatellite loci of 13 populations of Petaurus breviceps were used to investigate the spatial distribution of these populations and correlate the obtained spatial structure with environmental and landscape features. The result showed that four homogenous groups can be defined within these populations which are separated and isolated from each other due to habitat clearance and land use change. Maintaining the size of patches and establishing corridors between populations need to be consider in management and conservation of species.  

Pneumoviruses are responsible for significant respiratory disease in their hosts and represent a major problem for human and animal health. Pneumoviruses are members of the family Paramyxoviridae, subfamily Pneumovirinae and the virus particles consist of a negative-sense, nonsegmented RNA genome within a helical nucleocapsid structure enveloped in a lipid membrane derived from the host cell. Over the past four decades much work has extended our understanding of the molecular biology and pathogenesis of pneumoviruses but despite this only limited treatments and prophylaxis are available. The human pathogen, respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) which belongs to the genus of Pneumovirus is the best characterized of the subfamily. HRSV is the major cause of hospitalisation of very young children with respiratory disease worldwide. No vaccine is available though new treatments offer some respite for children in the highest risk groups, the immunocompromised and children with congenital heart disease. The recently discovered human pathogen human metapneumovirus (hMPV) belongs to the genus Metapneumovirus and recent data indicates that this virus is second only to hRSV in terms of disease impact. The pneumoviruses also include agents of veterinary importance such as bovine respiratory syncytial virus (bRSV), ovine and caprine RSV, and pneumonia virus of mice (PVM: all in the genus Pneumovirus) and avian metapneumovirus (APV: genus Metapneumovirus). The development of reverse genetics systems for negative strand RNA viruses has opened the possibility of manipulating the virus genomes to identify genes involved in pathogenesis and to explore the biological consequences of specific mutations. This information is informing the rational design of new vaccines. These plasmid-based systems have shown that for all paramyxoviruses the N, P and L proteins are necessary and sufficient for RNA replication. However, the pneumoviruses differ from the other family members in that fully efficient transcription from the virus genome requires the presence of an additional protein encoded by the M2 gene. The present article reviews pneumovirus biology and molecular genetics including a discussion of current concepts of Pneumovirus reverse genetics.

Caucasian apple (Malus orientalis Uglitzk) is one of the forest-garden species of Iran that is distributed in Hyrcanian and Zagros vegetation areas in Iran. In this study, the diversity and genetic structure of Caucasian apples were investigated using 26 microsatellite markers. The results showed that the observed heterozygosity was between 0. 46-0. 83 and the allelic richness was between 1. 54-1. 84. In more than 80% of habitats, heterozygosity was expected to be within the expected range. Our finding suggests that between Iranian populations wild apples have not experienced a genetic bottleneck in the recent result. The range of inoculation coefficient for Caucasian apples in Hyrcanian forest was between-0. 84 and 0. 81 and for Zagros forest was between-0. 2 and 0. 81. The mean gene flow is 0. 24 and 0. 69 for the Hyrcanian forest and Zagros forest, respectively. Based on Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium only populations from Lorestan province and Dorak region from Golestan province were deviated. The study of the results of genetic structure also indicates the formation of three completely different structures for Caucasian apple populations in Iran. based on the analysis of principal components analysis, Hyrcanian and Zagros regions showed a completely different structure from each other‎.

The Earth hosts a complex and diverse array of plant species, and analyzing their genetic diversity is essential for advancing biodiversity conservation. In this study, we investigated the genetic variation of Halocnemum strobilaceum in Khuzestan Province, located in southwestern Iran, a region characterized by extreme heat and belonging to the Saharo-Sindian floristic zone. To assess the genetic structure of the species, we employed ISSR, SCoT, and DNA barcoding markers (ITS and trnH-psbA). Accessions were categorized based on ecogeographic differences between inland saline and coastal marsh habitats. Both marker systems revealed considerable variation, and barcoding identified three distinct ITS and two trnH-psbA haplotypes. These results enhance our understanding of genetic differentiation in H. strobilaceum and inform conservation planning. As a halophyte with potential medicinal and economic uses, preserving its genetic resources is vital for sustainable utilization. In the face of escalating environmental threats, such integrative studies are key to protecting vulnerable plant taxa in extreme habitats.